All of my life I have worried about money, not in a “desperate to make it” kind of way, but rather desperate to have enough, just enough. And then you ask yourself what enough might mean and for me, the answer has always been “enough to walk away”

Money is a means to an end, and the end is independence. When I tell my partner that everyday I wake up and decided whether to stay or to leave, he laughs. Various friends and acquaintances are shocked or even horrified, and I’ve never really understood why. Surely at some level this is something we should all be doing, would all be doing if we felt we had a real choice. Who wants to share their life with a partner forced into keeping them company? What would that say about them and their relationship, less a partnership than a commercial enterprise.

And now with a friend trapped in a loveless marriage, not by money but by ties to her children, I’m made aware that money cannot of course solve all of the problems. She loves her children, not so much the husband who (for all she makes reasoned explanations of his behaviour, stress, pressure at work, sick parents) treats her like shit on his shoe far to often. Her own parents divorced when she had just gained independence and she found it traumatic. She wants to delay that trauma for her children until they’re older, until at least they have left home for university.

And so she puts up with him. She tells me it’s not so bad “He’s away a lot” and the rest of her life, the bit without him in it, is good. But she also worries that her kids will start to normalise their father’s behaviour and see this as an acceptable way to treat women, that the violent arguments when he’s around will impact their own emotional well-being. Is it better to stay or make the break, for the sake of the children?

When her youngest boy starts to swear at her and treat her with contempt, is it teenage hormones or a child copying the way he see’s his father behaving? When she points out to the child that he doesn’t like it when his dad treats him like this (apparently not uncommon) so why would he behave this way to her, he apologises and they move on. Is it enough to call it out for what it is, family bullying, a pattern of behaviour you don’t want to travel down the generations?

When her oldest boy is stressed out by exam pressure compounded by his father’s extreme expectations (Oxford Maths or a failure) and seems to be suffering from an eating disorder, what do you do? Is it better to hope that he succeeds and gets out of the house to sunny Oxford, or that it all fucks up early and he get’s some help in rebuilding himself the way he’s happy with not his father’s mini-me?

Four years is a long time to live miserably.

His retirement is just around the corner. Will it make the situation bitter or worse? Without the kudos of a big, well-paying job, what will this mean little man do to prop up his ego? He could just relax into the swing of his “third-age” playing golf, taking up some voluntary work and chilling out. It might well be the making of him and possibly his marriage.

I couldn’t forgive him. I couldn’t let go of the spite, the nastiness. Not for ten years or more. Whatever the reason, and I’m sure he has many, there’s no need to bundle up all of that anger and use it to hit out emotionally at your partner, your helpmeet and friend.

I couldn’t stay, not for a week never mind four more years.

At least when it’s over, she has enough money to walk away. Most women don’t.

Barbara Reeves, a partner at Mishcon de Reya, has decades of experience in family law. She says risk is inevitable in divorce – and managing it is crucial. “There is a perception that women in England do well out of divorce – with London being described as the world’s divorce capital,” she said. “But it’s important to remember that if this is the case, it is only so for the wives of the super-wealthy. The reality for most women is that they have often created homes, raised children and supported their partners while their own careers have stood still, or progressed at a considerably slower rate.

“The money these women could have earned – and consequently their potential to save for their own future long-term needs, including retirement – has been significantly compromised.

“Divorce has always been a daunting prospect for the financially weaker party, and historically this has been the woman. It is not so much the cost of the proceedings that is daunting – but the aftermath. As the CII report shows, typically it’s women who absorb the risk: those in middle age can find themselves unemployable in an industry they may have thrived in before their marriage and/or having children.

“Once their children have grown up and any maintenance payments begin to dry up, they are often forced to rely on state provision. As Sian Fisher of the CII points out in the report, the historic support systems are receding: ‘We’re all expected to look after ourselves. On top of this, [women] may be caring for elderly parents and contending with their own mental or physical health issues.’ ”

But Reeves adds: “Divorce is a far less daunting prospect for women than non-marital separation: we still see women who have spent decades as a homemaker, raising children … being forced to walk away at the end of their relationship with nothing. If she was married, the ‘homemaker’ has a right to share a partner’s pensions. However, this is a share of the pension assets at the time of the divorce.

“Following divorce, the financially stronger party – historically the man – can continue to earn at his full earning potential and top up his pension pot; meanwhile, the woman may have a reduced earning potential following years out of the employment market while she was building the home and bringing up children. And for women who are unmarried, there is no entitlement to a share in their former partner’s pension. Risk is inherent in relationships for women. While the gender pay gap between men and women in their 20s has closed, the gap opens and widens in later years – in quite a significant part because of women taking time out of employment to have families.”

A relationship, she went on, is the biggest financial risk women take. “Any woman embarking on a relationship should at least hear the facts and be aware of the risk she is adopting.”

The Comptroller and Auditor General in the UK and England is an old post that came into being in 1866. Now as the 17^th occupant of the office,  is to head the National Audit Office (NAO) and to support Parliament in holding government to account for how departments and agencies spend public money.  He has just published a report on the LSE site

He explored some of the elements of strategic financial management and planning, a potentially dry topic but ultimately one that determines success in any major government reform programmes. His specific context was how central government introduces reforms to locally delivered services so as to achieve its policy objectives, and the effect of its approach on funding, budgeting and efficiency.

There is a strong case for considering this area in the light of recent practical experience, alongside the problems created by a lack of joined-up thinking.

He said nothing particularly surprising, or anything that any of the senior figures involved would argue with, though they might not like his conclusion. He did not challenge any policy objectives nor the basic principle of seeking to use public resources as efficiently as possible and make economies where possible. He talked about the ‘how’, not the ‘what’ – in short: intelligent implementation and its context of budgeting and funding.

He set out the fundamental issue. The examples of connected systems used were local government, adult social care (delivered by local government) and the National Health Service in England.

The policy background is that since 2010 central government in Whitehall has been progressively ‘freeing’ local government from central government by first the push for localism and culminating in financial self-sufficiency; then English devolution plans to transfer more services to local government, including health, along the lines of the ‘Greater Manchester model’; and there has been a desire to drive up quality and manage the health needs of an aging population.

Underlying everything has been the Government’s austerity agenda.

Joined-up decision-making and funding arrangements between connected systems – central government and local bodies for instance – have often been missing, leading to deleterious consequences. Within these connected systems, this gives rise to:

• unforeseen conflicting objectives for local bodies;
• cost shunting between parts of connected systems; and ultimately
• risks of financial, or service, failure locally.

Central government has been slow to adjust – often acting only when serious failure occurs.

Part of the reason for this is an ‘out of sight, out of mind’ culture. It is relatively easy to for central decision-makers to allocate savings to be made by those operating outside a department’s boundary or with a different mandate, without necessarily understanding their effect. When public sector decision-makers are making big decisions and cost reductions, they need to be able to validate those decisions very well and they haven’t.

Decision-makers have an obligation to have good evidence, to have explored the secondary effects of their potential decision, and to have explored the downsides. They need to take a ‘one government’ approach – including local government – to managing the overall government finances for the best overall outcomes. Without this, the consequences of hasty decision-making have come home to roost, sometimes quite quickly.

Local government

He looked at some examples. Since 2010 central government has progressively cut support to local government, meanwhile giving it new powers including a general power of competence under the Localism Act. More recently, DCLG took the first steps towards local government retaining 100% of business rates by the end of this Parliament, making local government ‘financially self-sufficient’.

But the ability to retain local taxes must be set against background where local authority spending power – covering the day-to-day costs of running services – fell by around 25% in real terms from 2010 to 2016, with another 6% cut in spending power planned up to 2020.

The inference and expectation was that there is waste in local government so more could be delivered for less, and local government will be able to generate its own income through fees, charges and commercialisation schemes.

At the beginning, local government responded with new, more efficient ways to deliver services. However, over time this has shifted from ‘more for less’ to ‘less for less’.

This is because, during this progressive reduction in funding, there has been no evidence-based effort to reconcile funding to local needs. The policy objectives for local government and the local government statutory duties have not been properly weighted against potential efficiency savings. The 2015 Spending Review made some headway here but it was not a comprehensive approach. Accordingly, what we see are ‘deficit behaviours’ such as:

• the invisible rationing of services; and
• quiet drops in service quality.

Users are now coming into the system later with greater needs. These are local councils’ only real options to square the circle as they are prevented by law from going into financial deficit or to borrow to fund revenue spending. This has obvious direct effects on service users, but also reduces local government resilience, and its ability to contribute discretionary resources to central initiatives, however attractive. But those ‘deficit behaviours’ are hidden, since there are few local government sector-wide leading indicator statistics to give a clear indication that the system is in distress and where the gaps in services are occurring.

NAO reports into this area tell us that there have been large, real-terms, planned reductions in spending between 2010 and 2015, for instance reductions of:

• 36% for cultural services;
• 47% for housing services; and
• 53% for planning and development.

Once funding passed directly to schools is removed, it becomes clear, however, that local authority expenditure is dominated by social care for both children and adults. Local authorities have also sought to protect spending on social care because of the high number of statutory responsibilities that they have.

Nevertheless, there has been an overall 7% real-terms reduction in spending on adult social care by local authorities between 2010 and 2015. And areas with the greatest needs lost the most. Besides the direct effect on care service users, this reduction has a destructive effect on the NHS, which is, in part, highly connected to the social care system.

Costs are effectively being shunted from one part of the connected system to another. For instance, hospitals’ ability to discharge patients with care needs on time is affected when patients who are not supported to live independently tumble into A&E and acute health provision – a leading indicator of primary care and social care shortfalls.

That is not the whole story for the health care system however. Since the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act 2012 – the Lansley reforms – there have been significant changes to the NHS. These were, and are, aimed at improving patient care at a time of rising demand.

Again, in addition to the reforms themselves, this was at a time when there was, as with local government, an agenda of increased financial pressures arising from austerity. And again, the implication – that there was slack in system and more efficiencies were possible.

For the NHS, this came in the form of the ‘Nicholson challenge’, named after the former NHS chief, Sir David Nicholson. The parameters of the ‘Nicholson challenge’ collectively added up to a demand for the NHS to find £20 billion in efficiency savings by 2015 to close the gap between need and available funding.

The latest iteration of which is the Five Year Forward View, which assumes that the NHS will deliver a further £22 billion of efficiency savings out of a flat real budget. Initially the Government had an efficiency target of 4% but this was reduced to 2% in 2016-17 – which was deemed a more reasonable requirement.

Nevertheless, over the entire period, the financial position of NHS bodies has continued to decline.

The number of trusts in deficit has steadily risen. 66% of NHS trusts and NHS foundation trusts are now in deficit. Ironically, these trusts were selected a few years ago for foundation status because NHS England assessed them as independently financially viable.

Where deficits become the norm, trust managers no longer feel ‘singled out’ and they probably worry more about the hard-nosed judgements delivered on health care standards by Care Quality Commission.

The Care Quality Commission has led a drive to name hospitals that were not operating to the right standards. In these circumstances, unreconciled pressures face hospital chief executives, many of who are highly experienced, highly skilled managers. The implementation approach for both efficiencies and reforms did not take a full and realistic account of the context within which the healthcare system was operating. The implementation approach also failed to consider the result of other policies being put into effect simultaneously.

As early as 2014 there were a number of ‘leading indicator’ statistics – including cancer referral to treatment times and ambulance response times falling below national standards – showing the system is quite clearly struggling to cope. In short, service standards are under strain, as is the financial sustainability of our health care system.

Rather than heed the early warning signs, however, ministers appeared largely to plough forward with their efficiency regime. The government introduced a range of further initiatives that it wants the NHS system to take on-board, including the seven-day service and new strategies for cancer and mental health. All of these may be, no doubt, good ideas and desirable developments. But they represent signals to build demand in a system already under severe resource pressure.

There has been no real dialogue between central government and healthcare bodies regarding the mix between rationing, efficiencies and services provided. The health service has, in fairness, attempted to do this with Sustainability and Transformation Plans for 2017-18, and this is accompanied by a front end boost in spending. This might have the effect of stabilising NHS England but the Plans, or Proposals as they are now called, are built around a forcing strategy rather than consensus. If they do not meet NHS England’s requirements in terms of matching demand with resource the trusts will lose money.

The political assumption remains that there is excess capacity that can be taken out of the system – or that demand can be made to fit the resources available. Perhaps such a position was true at a certain point, but who believes that it remains true? When was the clear point at which the number of trust in deficit became untenable and the system moved into a state of distress?

Of course, the centre of government cannot avoid making informed assumptions about efficiencies that may be available. However, they can do much more to understand how these assumptions are likely to affect government’s objectives, and to promptly manage major risks. That is why many of the recent audit reports highlighted the need to identify critical assumptions, work through their implications and monitor them closely. That is also why, since 2014, there have been a series of reviews of the financial sustainability of local services, including reports on local authorities, police forces, fire and rescue services and the health service. The aim has been both to help central government understand how changes in responsibilities and funding are affecting local services and to help identify and share good practice.

As an aside, it seems likely that the education system may be the next to experience these pressures. Schools have to make £3 billion in efficiency savings by 2020 against a background of growing pupil numbers and a real-terms reduction in funding per pupil. I hope that this will be much more closely monitored and managed.

Almost every conversation these days is dominated by brexit, but the implications will be felt long and wide. First, local bodies could be put under further resource pressure by the loss of EU funding streams to local areas with no specific plan so far to replace them.

Second, Brexit is highly likely to divert senior talent time and attention in quite a number of departments, never mind the diversion of talent into the main Brexit department and multiple trade deal negotiations of the future. In all likelihood, this means less senior talent time for resolving funding and reform challenges for local bodies.

Finally – and this hardly needs saying – local services are, to a significant degree, depending on workers from EU countries. Without EU doctors and care workers there could be further strain on the system unless alternative arrangements are in place.

Those in the centre can be a lot more agile about getting out of their silos and understanding the complex interlocking reform environment, recognising negative trends, and shifting their position quickly to limit damage.

In the examples described the reaction from central government has been slow, perhaps because of silo problems between spending departments and the Treasury, and there has been little real change of direction. Did the centre know, do they know now, when the boundary between mainly efficiencies, more for less, was crossed and we started into the territory of less for less?

Central savings may have been secured, but significant damage has been done.

If we’re lucky, we’ll grow old. The alternative, dying young, cannot be described as lucky at all and yet it seems looking around me and chatting with friends, there is more concern, more outright fear of the ageing process, of growing old and ill, of dying badly, than ever before.

In the UK, adult social care is often on the front page of the newspapers. There seems to be a steady stream of damaging horror stories. The UK health service, the NHS, pick up the bill far too often despite the fact that the one key factor of the care sector in England, is that care provision is almost entirely private, and despite the fact that the system is hugely expensive, possibly  financially crippling for the end users.

The shift in the sectoral provision of social care over the last thirty years or so is remarkable, and with funding in excess of £22 billion, this is a large and attractive market.

In 1979, 64% of residential and nursing home beds were still provided by local authorities or the NHS; by 2012 it was just 6%; in the case of domiciliary care, 95% was directly provided by local authorities as late as 1993; by 2012 it was just 11%.

This shift to the private sector has also been accompanied by a growing role for large companies with 50+ homes at the expense of small, family-run businesses – five large chains alone now account for 20% of provision and this figure is expected to rise.

Does this matter? The narrative is that users are indifferent to who provides a public service. Instead, it is the quality that matters. But the reality is that the two are inter-twined. The most obvious example is with the workforce which comprises 60% of the costs and is ‘sweated’ in order to sustain financial margins. Research has highlighted an array of poor practices – restricting annual leave, reducing the numbers of qualified nursing staff, increasing resident-staff ratios, removing sick pay, failing to pay the National Minimum Wage and increased use of zero-hour contracts. Moreover there is evidence that pay rates and staff retention rates are significantly lower in the private sector than in the smaller local authority and voluntary provider sectors.

It would be idle to pretend that this does not impact upon the quality of care. When private care homes are fending off financial problems, the quality of the care that they provide to residents has been found to diminish: the facilities deteriorate, staffing levels are reduced and additional ‘services’ for residents such as outings or entertainment, are cut back.

In the case of domiciliary care there has been wholesale adoption of a flawed ‘task and time’ model with units of as little as 15 minutes per client imposed in order to reduce costs. And in perhaps the ultimate ‘commodification’ of care, some local authorities have put care packages for vulnerable people out to tender in eBay-style timed auctions. Unsurprisingly the most recent annual report by the regulator, the Care Quality Commission, found that 41% of community-based adult social care services, hospice services and residential social care services inspected since October 2014 were rated as inadequate or requiring improvement.

The big private care providers are based upon such fragile and high-risk investments models (designed to maximise short-term financial returns) that they are at risk of market failure. There has already been one spectacular such failure – Southern Cross in 2011 – and a recent survey of local authorities reveals that most are expecting further failure in the coming year. The inappropriate nature of these high-risk financial models premised upon quick and unrealistic returns of 12% on investment has been brilliantly exposed in a report from the Centre for Research in Socio-Cultural Change. The bizarre situation now exists whereby some of the biggest private providers of health and care are using tax havens to avoid their fiscal responsibilities and then begging the taxpayer to underwrite their morally dubious investment techniques. The report sensibly proposes a maximum return on investment of 5%.

What can be done about this? Arguably successive governments have gone along with the privatisation policy to such an extent that a simple reversal is impossible. Reactions to the failure of Southern Cross led to greater market surveillance powers being given to the CQC, but these are weak and inadequate for the task. But this doesn’t have to be the end of the story. A combination of the following strategies will help to curb the worst excesses:

Strengthen Commissioning: Local authorities have, in the name of ‘reducing bureaucracy’, been stripped of the funding, knowledge, capacities and capabilities needed to manage change. These need to be restored and rebuilt, as does local government in general if George Osborne’s devolution rhetoric is ever to become a reality. Similarly, in a market that is now heavily reliant on the higher fees paid by ‘self-funders’ there is a need to improve the support they and their families receive in making choices at vulnerable stages in life.

Transparency Test: In England the government has been keen to encourage citizens to scrutinise the spending of public sector bodies, but less interested in extending such transparency to private companies in receipt of publicly funded contracts. A ‘transparency test’ could stipulate that where a public body has a legal contract with a private provider, that contract must ensure full openness and transparency with no ‘commercial confidentiality’. Non-statutory providers could also be made subject to local political scrutiny processes and to the Freedom of Information Act from which they are currently excluded.

Ownership/Taxation Test: The Southern Cross failure exposed the difficulty of regulating a private care provider owned by a mix of property investors, bondholders, banks, shareholders and landlords, among them the powerful offshore fund of the Qatari Investment Authority. At a minimum, the ownership of all companies providing public services under contract to the public sector, including those with offshore or trust ownership, should be available on the public record. At the same time a taxation test could require private companies in receipt of public services contracts to demonstrate that they are domiciled in the UK and subject to UK taxation law.

Workforce Test: Given long-standing concerns about the treatment of staff, a further test could be around workforce terms and conditions. All providers should be expected to comply with minimum standards around workforce terms and conditions, training, development and supervision. This could include outlawing attempts to get round the national minimum wage levels such as not paying travel time between visits or using tracking devices that pay people by the minute. Commissioning bodies could also include procurement requirements designed to oblige all care providers to participate in collective bargaining and to outlaw such practices as blacklisting workers for taking part in trade union activities.

Accountability Test: Unlike public sector services, those public services provided by contract by private companies are often immune from penalty or accountability for their performance, even in the event of failure. At worst the big contractors are subject to short-term bidding bans. Bringing democratic accountability into this situation is problematic. One option would be to explore the possibility of some form of public ‘right of recall’ where contracted out services are thought to be of unacceptable quality – say where 3 per cent of the adult electorate have formally petitioned the commissioning authority. More broadly Will Hutton argues for reform of the Companies Act to require businesses to deliver goods and services to meet social obligations rather than simply short-term enrichment – a statutory framework that goes beyond financial reporting to cover investment, workforce development, equitable pay scales, environmental and societal obligations.

Ultimately, however, we need to question the place of large tax-evading private chains founded upon risky financial models having any place in the realm of personal care and support where the free market cannot profitably supply the services needed to meet people’s needs. There may well be a place for a mixed economy of small, local private providers and voluntary sector providers alongside a revitalised role for local authorities, but the wholesale dash for privatisation in England cannot be deemed to have been successful in meeting the needs of service users.